The Coulter Principle (1954-1955)
While under contract to the United States Navy in the late 1940s, Wallace H. Coulter developed a technology for counting and sizing particles using impedance measurements. The technology was principally developed to count blood cells quickly by measuring the changes in electrical conductance as cells suspended in a conductive fluid passed through a small orifice. Presently, over 98% of automated cell counters incorporate this technology, which is referred to as the Coulter Principle. In the past seventy-five years, the technology has also been used to characterize thousands of different industrial particulate materials.
Beckman Coulter instrument systems which utilize this principle are called COULTER COUNTER instruments. Drugs, pigments, fillers, toners, foods, abrasives, explosives, clay, minerals, construction materials, coating materials, metals, filter materials, and many other sample types have all been analyzed using the Coulter Principle. This method can be used to measure any particulate material that can be suspended in an electrolyte solution. Particles as small as 0.4 µm and as large as 1600 µm in diameter can routinely be measured. Over 8,000 references to the uses of this technology have been documented.
In a COULTER COUNTER instrument, a tube with a small aperture on the wall is immersed into a beaker that contains particles suspended in a low-concentration electrolyte. Two electrodes, one inside the aperture tube and one outside the tube but inside the beaker, are placed and a current path is provided by the electrolyte when an electric field is applied (Figure 1). The impedance between the electrodes is then measured. The aperture creates what is called a "sensing zone". Particles in low concentration, suspended in the electrolyte, can be counted by passing them through the aperture. As a particle passes through the aperture, a volume of electrolyte equivalent to the immersed volume of the particle is displaced from the sensing zone. This causes a short-term change in the impedance across the aperture. This change can be measured as a voltage pulse or a current pulse. The pulse height is proportional to the volume of the sensed particle. If constant particle density is assumed, the pulse height is also proportional to the particle mass. This technology is also referred to as aperture technology.
Using count- and pulse-height analyzer circuits, the number and volume of each particle passing through the aperture can be measured. If the volume of liquid passing through the aperture can be precisely controlled and measured, the sample concentration can also be determined. In modern COULTER COUNTER instruments, such as the Multisizer™ 3 and 4, particle counter and sizing instruments, pulses are digitized and saved with several key parameters that describe each pulse such as pulse height, pulse width, time stamp, pulse area, etc. These parameters enable the instrument to better discriminate between noise and real pulses as well as between normal and distorted pulses due to various reasons when particles pass through the aperture. Saved pulses can be used to monitor sample changes over the measurement time period should pulses be arranged in time sequence. In practice, particle volume is often represented in terms of equivalent spherical diameter. The measured particle volume (or size) can be then used to obtain particle size distribution.
With counting and sizing rates of up to 10,000 particles per second, it takes less than one minute to perform a typical measurement with a COULTER COUNTER instrument. The accuracy of size measurements can be better than 1%. Aperture size typically ranges from 20-2000 µm. Each aperture can be used to measure particles within a size range of 2 to 80% of nominal diameter. Therefore, an overall particle size-range of 0.4-1600 µm is feasible. However, the ability of the technology to analyze particles is limited to those particles that can be suitably suspended in an electrolyte solution. The upper limit therefore may be 500 µm for sand but only 75 µm for tungsten carbide particles. Moreover, the lower size limit is restricted by electronic noise generated mainly within the aperture itself. The selection of the most suitable aperture size is dependent upon the particles to be measured. If the sample to be measured is composed of particles largely within a 30:1 diameter size range, the most suitable aperture can be chosen. For example, a 30 µm aperture can measure particles from about 0.6 to 18 µm in diameter. A 140 µm aperture can measure particles from about 2.8 to 84 µm. If the particles to be measured cover a wider range than a single aperture can measure, two or more apertures must be used and the test results can be overlapped to provide a complete particle size distribution.
Highest Resolution for Particle Size Analysis
During the Coulter Principle measurement, as a particle passes through the sensing zone when the liquid is drawn from the container, a volume of the electrolyte equivalent to the immersed volume of the particle is displaced from the sensing zone. This causes a short-term change in the resistance across the aperture. This resistance change can be measured either as a voltage or current pulse. By measuring the number of pulses and their amplitudes, one can obtain information about the number of particles and the volume of each individual particle.
The number of pulses detected during measurement is the number of particles measured, and the amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the volume of the particle. Because this is a single-particle measurement process, it yields the highest resolution that any particle characterization technique can achieve. The particle diameter can be determined at the resolution of voltage or current measurement which can be very accurately using current electronics technology. The distribution amplitude can be determined to the accuracy of a single particle.
The advantages of such high resolution are multiple with the most obvious being the capability to display details of a particle size distribution. In a particle size distribution measurement, typically each distribution, whether displayed cumulatively or differentially, is composed of a few-hundred data points in a pre-set size range. Each data point is called a bin. Since every particle is measured, each bin is a collection of particles in a given size range. Depending on the distribution broadness, the total size range can be reset to a finer division, therefore showing the distribution details (i.e., each bin can be pre-set to cover a smaller size range).
Other advantages include fine differential between two particles and more accurate statistic values calculated from the distribution. The figures below show a sample measured using the Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 and displayed in different size ranges. The pulse data was resorted into a finer set of bins in the right figure in which more detail of the distribution is displayed.
Digital Pulse Process
In Coulter Principle instrumentation, the change in electric resistance due to passages of particles through the aperture is determined using fast electronic circuitry. Detected signals are instantaneously digitized at a rate of a few-million times per second into digital signals. The digital signal is then recorded for every pulse in the form of pulse parameters (i.e., timing, height, width of pulses, etc.). As most measurements seek to obtain particle counting or size distribution, the recorded pulse height is converted to particle size using the calibration constant and placed into one of the pre-set size bins. Particle size distribution and counting are the cumulative result of all pulses measured. All recorded pulse parameters are still available for purposes other than standard, full-range particle size distribution. These parameters can be subtracted or sorted (i.e., reprocessed differently based on specific applications). For example, if an operator seeks to have a zoom-in size distribution showing every detail of the distribution, then a narrower size range can be selected and all pulses can be sorted and placed into the new set of finer bins. Another example is found when pulse heights (or sizes) are sorted in a time sequence (for samples of narrow size-distribution) t monitor sample change during measurement. Still another example is using one plot pulse height as a function of pulse width to find information of particle shape.
As a particle passes through the aperture, it creates a resistance. The bigger the particle, the more the resistance, the greater the voltage. Each voltage spike is directly proportional to the size of the cell. Today every modern hematology analyzer depends in some way on the Coulter Principle.
Wallace and Joseph Coulter
High Speed Automatic Blood Cell Counter and Cell Size Analyzer
Diagram from the first coulter counter patent application
Coulter's Original 1953 Patent application
The first commercial version of the Coulter Counter
Hand-drawn advertising drafts of the first Coulter Counter
Coulter Counter Model F
Coulter Counter Model F
A method was devised for using the model F Coulter Counter for counting goat erythrocytes, which are smaller and more numerous than those of humans. Blood samples were taken from 25 goats, and the cells were counted using 100- and 70-micron aperature tubes. A visual count also was made of a portion of each sample. The results were analyzed statistically to determine which aperture would produce the most accurate and reproducible results when compared with the manual counts. It was found that counts obtained with the 100-micron aperature tube were not significantly different from the manual counts.
This technology found commercial success in the medical industry where it revolutionized the science of hematology. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets make up the majority of the formed elements in the blood. When whole anticoagulated human blood is diluted with isotonic saline, the Coulter principle can be applied to count and size the various cells that make up whole blood. The first commercial application of the Coulter principle to hematology came in 1954 with the release of the Coulter Counter Model A (developed by Wallace and brother Joseph R. Coulter.
Within a decade, literally every hospital laboratory in the United States had Coulter Counter, and today every modern hematology analyzer depends in some way on the Coulter Principle.
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- DxFLEX Flow Cytometer
- Fully Automated Clone Selection: Biomek i-Series Integrated Solutions
- Inside the DXFLEX Flow Cytometer Photodetectors in Flow Cytometry
- Introducing the QbD1200 TOC Analyzer
- MET ONE 3400+ Series Airborne Particle Counter
- MET ONE 3400+ Series Airborne Particle Counter
- Microtiter plate lid management
- Photodetectors in Flow Cytometry
- QbD1200 Virtual Demo of Calibration
- QbD1200 Virtual Demo of Paperless Reporting
- QbD1200 Virtual Demo of a Measurement Setup
- Reagent Kits for Viral RNA Extraction
- Span-8 1 mL tip loading
- Vi-CELL BLU Sample Flow Animation
- Introducing the Vi-CELL MetaFLEX
- DURA Innovations: A Better Monday
- Advantages of ClearLLab LS
- Allegra General Purpose Centrifuge Line
- Allegra X-15R - Aerosolve Package
- Allegra X-15R Centrifuge Performance
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer Automated and Single Loading
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer Pipeline Sample Processing
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer Sample Preparation
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer Smart Track Reagent Monitoring
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometry Workflow Efficiency
- Automate Flow Cytometry Assays
- i-Series Automated Workstations Teaser 1
- Avanti J-26S Performance
- Avanti J-26S Portfolio
- Avanti J-26S Redesign Advantages
- Avanti J-26S Safety and Reliability
- Avanti J-26S Sustainability
- Avanti J-26S User Experience
- Avanti J-26S Versatility
- Avanti JXN High Performance Centrifuge - Bioproduction
- Avanti JXN High Performance Centrifuge -- Manual Run
- Avanti JXN Series High Performance Centrifuge: Introduction
- Avanti JXN Series High Performance Centrifuges in Shared Labs
- Avanti JXN-26 High Performance Centrifuge
- Biomek 4000 Automated Workstation Overview
- Centrifuge Service Installation
- ClearLLab 10C System for Integrated L&L Immunophenotyping
- Offline analysis of CytExpert files using Kaluza Analysis Software
- Bandpass filter light path of the CytoFLEX
- Wavelength Division Multiplexer of the CytoFLEX
- CytoFLEX Lasers and Integrated Optics
- CytoFLEX LX Introduction
- Peristaltic Pump in the CytoFLEX
- CytoFLEX Flow Cytometer Plate Loader Option Overview
- CytoFLEX flow cytometry for the bench (and other fun locales)
- CytoFLEX Flow Cytometer Special Procedure
- DURA Innovation Workflow Comparison
- DURA Innovations Technology and Advantages
- DxFLEX Overview
- Ease of Use Avanti JXN - High Performance Centrifuges
- Gallios Flow Cytometer Overview
- Harvest Line System Liner: How to Use
- Harvest Line System Liner: How to Use
- HIAC 8011+ Digital Exports and Web Server
- HIAC 8011+ Liquid Particle Counter Features
- HIAC 8011 Plus Interchangeable Sensors and Magnetic Stirrer
- HIAC 8011+ Liquid Particle Counter Overview
- HIAC 8011+ Product Demonstration
- HIAC 8011+ Liquid Particle Counter Sample Recipe Setup
- 8011+ Sample Recipe Wizard
- HIAC 8011+ Self-Diagnostic Alerts and Cleaning Routines
- HIAC 8011+ Vacuum and Degas
- HIAC PODS+ Digital Exports
- HIAC PODS+ Filter Cart Mode
- HIAC PODS+ Internal Compressor and Moisture Detector
- HIAC PODS+ Online Mode
- HIAC PODS+ Liquid Particle Counter -- An Overview
- HIAC PODS+ Product Demonstration
- HIAC PODS+ Sample Recipe Wizard
- HIAC PODS+ Self-Diagnostic Alerts and Cleaning Routines
- Introducing the Biomek i-Series Automated Workstation
- Introducing the LS 13 320 XR
- Introduction to AUC - an Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- Introduction to CytoFLEX LX
- i-Series Automated Workstations Teaser 4
- Kaluza Reads FCS Compliant Files: FACSCelesta
- Kaluza Reads FCS Files: FACSVerse Acquisition Data
- Kaluza Software Award
- Kaluza Software Design
- Kaluza Software Launch
- Kaluza Software Parametric Visualization
- Kaluza Software Performance
- LS 13 320 Overview - Particle Characterization
- LS 13 320 XR ADAPT Software
- LS 13 320 XR: X-D Array and PIDS Technology
- Changing the Module in the LS 13 320 XR
- Multisizer 4e Cell Counter and Analyzer -- An Overview
- Searching for the Oldest Centrifuge
- Optima AUC Overview, New Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- Optima MAX Series - Tabletop Ultracentrifuge
- Optima X Series Ultracentrifuges - An Overview
- Optima XE and XPN Ultracentrifuge Performance
- Optima XE and XPN Safety and Reliability
- Optima XE and XPN Ultracentrifuges: A Total System
- The Optimized Path to Pharmaceutical Production
- Results with Tandem Dyes
- The AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer Advantage
- The History of AUC - An Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- Ultra Harmonic Technology in the Avanti J-15 Centrifuge
- Unboxing Your New CytoFLEX Flow Cytometer
- Vi-CELL BLU Livestream Announcement
- Vi-CELL BLU Product Launch
-
Scientific Videos
- 3D Imaging of Cancer Spheroids
- A Simplified Approach to Automating ELISA
- Advances in Cellular Automation
- Automating High-Throughput Sample Prep for Analysis of Complex Diseases Using Next-Gen Sequencing
- Automated 3D Cell Culture and Screening by Imaging and Flow Cytometry
- Automated Cell Culture Workflows: Biomek Integrated Solutions
- Automated group testing at scale to enable COVID-19 decision makers - Using Echo for tapestry pooling and high-throughput qPCR setup
- Automated NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Preparation Kit
- Automated TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation from FFPE Tissue
- Increase Productivity Reproducibility by Automating DNA Library Prep for Ion Torrent Sequencing
- Automating NGS Sample Prep for Challenging Samples and Niche Applications
- Avalanche Photodiodes in CytoFLEX
- Biomek FXP as a tool for discovery
- CAR-T Cell Therapy: Introduction and Overview
- Cellular Solutions of all Shapes and Sizes
- Centrifuge 101
- Challenging Samples in Cancer Research: Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues
- Contract Manufacturing Services
- CRISPR for Immunotherapy: Introduction and Overview
- Custom Design Services for Multi-Color Flow Cytometry
- Cytogenetics Cancer Research
- Digital Pathology Image Analysis for Cancer Research
- DNA and RNA Sequencing Sample Preparation
- DURAClone Technology
- Echo Acoustic Liquid Handling Technology
- ELISA Automation on a Biomek i-Series
- An Overview of Exosome Isolation
- The Principle of Flow Cytometry (FCM)
- Flow Cytometric Analysis of Hematologic Malignancies with ClearLLab LS Tube
- Gene Therapy Workflow from Production to Quality Control
- Automated human stem cell-based phenotypic high-throughput drug screening
- How Automation Helps to Improve your ELISA
- Immunotherapy Introduction and Overview
- New Strategies to Improve Your CE-SDS Results from a Data-Driven Perspective
- New Automation Strategies for Improving Sample Prep for The Analytical Laboratory
- Increasing NGS Sequencing Capacity with High-Throughput Automated TruSeq Stranded mRNA Library Construction
- Industrial Fluid Particle Counter Sample Preparation
- Innovation to Improve Genomic Sample Prep
- Introduction to Automating NGS Workflows
- Introduction to Flow Cytometry
- Multipurpose robotic platform for molecular biology, biophysical, and cellular assays
- Automated NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep Kit
- Phospho Epitopes Exposure Kit
- Polymer Challenge Sizing and Mobility with the DelsaMax
- Proteome Centric Precision Medicine - Embracing Pathological Diversity
- Evaluation to Implementation with the University of Luxembourg
- Sample Preparation for Biologics Bioanalysis
- Chemogenomics - Screening of Biologically Active Drug Libraries
- Small Talk: Episode 1 - Before You Even Start…
- Small Talk Episode 2 - Harvesting EVs
- Small Talk: Episode 3 - Getting Ready for Your Experiment
- Small Talk Episode 4 - Let's Explore
- Small Talk Episode 5 - The Power of Flow
- Small Talk Q&A
- SPRI Bead Technology Video
- A Streamlined Approach to Automating ELISA
- Cell volume is an important indicator of white blood cell health and therapeutic potential
- Trends in Mass Spectrometry
- Unlocking FFPE Tissues using Illumina NGS Biomek Automated Sample Preparation
- VersaComp Antibody Capture Beads
- Viral Particle Production 101
- Viral Vectors Introduction and Overview
- Workflow Challenges Solved: The Palmer Lab
-
Symposium Videos
- Assessing Proliferation and Cytotxic Potential Using Multicolor Flow Cytometry
- Automation of sample preparation for an efficient protein quantification workflow for proteomics
- Covid Symposium Day1, Q&A, Panel Discussion
- Anis Larbi Physiological Aging and Immunological Erosion
- Andrea Cossarizza Recognizing the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2
- Ryan Brinkman The COVID Cytometry Project
- Q & A Session from Day 2, Viral Particle Detection and Characterization
- Silvana Verdiani New ELISA Kit for Serological Testing for SARS COV-2 Infection
- Miranda Byrne-Steele A Needle in a Haystack Using Immune Repertoire and Single Cell VDJ Sequencing to Identify COVID-specific B-cell Responses
- Marc-Andre Langlois Learnings from Single Particle Analysis of Moloney MLV Insight into its Infectivity, Genome Packaging Efficiency, and Host Marker Acquisition
- Q & A Session from Day 3, Vaccine and Therapy Development
- Jean Boyer Development and Immune Assessment of a DNA Vaccine Against COVID-19
- Bernhard Ellinger Using drug repurposing to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 cellular toxicity in vitro
- Bruce Patterson Disruption of the CCL5RANTES-CCR5 Pathway 1 Restores Immune Homeostasis and Reduces Plasma Viral Load in Critical COVID-19
- DKMS Life Science Lab: ultra-high throughput HLA genotyping for stem cell donor recruitment
- Extracellular Vesicles for ‘Liquid Biopsy’ Development in Cancer by Dr. Karla Williams
- Introduction to Mesenchymal Stem Cell DURAClone Dry Reagents
- Miniaturization of metagenomic RNA-seq library prep demonstrates greatly improved productivity and efficiency when utilizing acoustic liquid handling
- Miniaturized Illumina Nextera XT Library Prep using an Integrated Biomek i5 and Echo 525 Liquid Handling Workstation
- Monitoring Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Disease
- Multi-Sizing your Multi-Color Panel
- SynBioBeta 2020 with Beckman Coulter Life Sciences
-
Testimonial Videos
- Mobile Lab with AQUIOS - Dr Lillian Hesselink
- Mobile Lab with AQUIOS - Dr Roy Spijkerman
- CytoFLEX Testimonial from Dr. Karen Hogg, University of York, United Kingdom
- Discovery in Motion: High-throughput Automation Solutions at Sintef
- Sintef: Why a CRO Chooses to Automate their Lab with Biomek Liquid Handlers
- Dr. Karla Williams on Analyzing Extracellular Vesicles Using the CytoFLEX
- Reflections on 70 Years of Centrifugation Innovation
- Exosomes Workflow Testimonial with Dr. Vannberg
- Collaboration with the University of York and Dr. Karen Hogg
- Dr. Jurgen Riedl, Clinical Chemist, Albert Schweitzer Hospital Customer Testimonial
- Customer Testimonial: Flow Cytometry Service and Support with Dr. Karen Hogg
- Selecting High Performance Flow Cytometry Reagents with Dr. Karen Hogg
- High Quality Flow Cytometry Reagent Selection Criteria with Dr. Karen Hogg
- A new dimension in simplified AUC analysis - Dr. Borries Demeler
- AQUIOS CL Benefits with Casiana Fernandez-Bango
- AQUIOS CL Size Testimonial with Alexandra Amador
- AQUIOS CL Software Testimonial with Casiana Fernandez-Bango
- AQUIOS CL Training Testimonial with Alexandra Amador
- Sales to Implementation with the University of Luxembourg
- CytoFLEX Cancer Biology Research Testimonial with Leonardo Salmena
- CytoFLEX Capabilities Testimonial with Sarah Schuett
- CytoFLEX Lab Perspective Testimonial with Sarah Schuett
- CytoFLEX S Accelerated Research Testimonial with Brian Phillip
- CytoFLEX S Contest Winner Testimonial with Brian Phillip
- CytoFLEX S Potential Testimonial with Brian Phillip
- CytoFLEX Upgrades Testimonial with Sarah Schuett
- CytoFLEX Value Testimonial with Sarah Schuett
- Kaluza Software Testimonial with Dr. Rob Woestenenk
- Kaluza Software Testimonial with Tim Hutten
- Utilizing the CytoFLEX Testimonial with Leonardo Salmena
-
Training Videos
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer - Advanced Operation Training
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer - Advanced Operation Training in French
- AQUIOS CL Advanced Operation in German
- AQUIOS CL Advanced Operation in Italian
- AQUIOS CL Advanced Operation in Portuguese
- AQUIOS CL Advanced Operation in Russian
- AQUIOS CL Advanced Operation in Spanish
- AQUIOS CL Flow Cytometer - Basic Operation Training
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in French
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in German
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in Italian
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in Portuguese
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in Russian
- AQUIOS CL Basic Operation in Spanish
-
Tutorial Videos
- 5 Years of high-throughput strain engineering with the Echo: lessons from Zymergen Automation presented by Christopher Bremner, Automation Engineer, Zymergen @SLAS2020
- Characterization of CytoFLEX Gain Settings
- Cytobank Basics
- Cytobank CITRUS
- Cytobank Experiment Manager
- Cytobank FlowSOM
- Cytobank SPADE
- Cytobank viSNE
- Creating an Experiment using CytoFLEX
- Generating a Compensation Matrix using CytoFLEX
- CytoFLEX How to Set Up Violet Side Scatter
- How to Register Your Instrument with BeckmanConnect
- Intellifuge Calculator Introduction
- Kaluza Batch Analysis Tutorial with Dr. David Onion
- Kaluza Composites Tutorial with Dr. David Onion
- Kaluza Cytobank Plugin
- Off-the-shelf, Echo-based DNA Assembly Automation presented by George McArthur, Arzeda @SLAS2020
- Seminar: Diverse Applications of Flow Cytometry to Answer Biological Questions
- Extended Features for Kaluza Software Tutorial
- Getting to Know Kaluza Acquisition Software Tutorial
- Seminar: High Dimensional Flow Cytometry on Small Instrument Platforms Tutorial
- Kaluza Analysis Overview Tutorial
- Kaluza for Gallios Compensation Worklist Tutorial
- Kaluza for Gallios Simulator with a Legacy Browser Tutorial
- Kaluza for Gallios Software Tutorial - Flow Cytometry
- Kaluza Analysis Software Tutorial - Loading Files and Creating Plots
- Kaluza Analysis Software: Creating Overlay Plots
- Setting up Statistics with Kaluza Software Tutorial
- How to Fill and Seal a Quick-Seal Tube
- How to Fill and Plug a OptiSeal Tube
- Syringe Extraction of a Ultra-Clear, Quick-Seal Tube
-
Webinars
- 17 Color Immunophenotyping using CytoFLEX LX and ViaKrome
- 21 CFR Part 11 Data Integrity for Online TOC Instruments
- ACFTD Discontinuance and the HIAC 8011+ and HIAC PODS+
- Acoustic liquid handling overview
- Webinar: An Intro to Characterization of Biomolecules Using AUC
- Analytical Methods to Measure Empty and Full AAV Particles
- Applications of Counterflow Centrifugal Elutriation CCE
- Cell Counting & Viability: Faster Results Through Automation
- Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles with Nanoscale Flow Cytometry
- Characterizing Viruses: From Deadly Pathogens to the Workhorses of Gene Therapy
- Choosing the Right TOC Analyzer for a Pharmaceutical QC Laboratory
- Cytobank Webinar - CITRUS in Practice with Dr. Anna Belkina
- Cleanroom Routine Environmental Monitoring & Classification
- Clinical Flow Cytometry User Group Meeting
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #6 Single Cell Data
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #4 FlowSOM
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #1 Introduction to Cytobank
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #3 viSNE
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #2 Data Management
- Cytobank Bootcamp Session #5 Biomarker discovery with CITRUS
- Machine Learning Assisted Population Identification
- Recent Advances in Immunotherapy: Directing Cells to Address Disease
- DNA Cytometry with Kaluza
- Evolution in the Manufacturing of Cellular Therapies
- Flow cytometry in clinical immunology - actual approach to immune status evaluation
- Goldilocks & the Three Cells: The Art of Monitoring & Managing Cell Cultures
- ICH Q2 Validating a TOC Analyser with the QbD1200
- Is Immunotherapy Living up to its Promise?
- Initial Evaluation of the ClearLLab 10C System in the Immunophenotyping of Leukemia and Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Leukocytes immunophenotyping in COVID-19 patients
- Looking Under the Hood: Getting Started with the Optima AUC
- Cleanrooms: Controlling Contamination, Setting Alerts & Actions, Considerations of Removal Efficiency
- GMP Cleanroom Routine Environmental Monitoring & 21 CFR Part 11 Data Integrity
- Particle Monitoring Systems for Isolator / RABS Filling Lines and 503B Compounding Facilities
- Measuring Molecular Interactions by Multi-Wavelength AUC
- Nano-Emulsion Formulation and Characterization Life Science and Industrial Markets
- Overcoming the Hurdles of Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for Optimized Gene Therapy Purification Workflows
- Q&A Panel discussion, LSUG Lab and Pharma Water speakers
- Total Organic Carbon Analysis in the new ASTM E3106 Cleaning Standard
- Real-Time Detection of Bioburden & Biofilm in Water Systems
- Pharmaceutical Water Production, Richard Jarrett, Evoqua Water Technologies
- Meeting Global TOC and Conductivity Pharmacopeia Compliance while using ALCOA Requirements to Protect Data Integrity
- Validation of Growth Direct to Perform Pharmaceutical Water Bioburden Analysis
- Primary immune deficiencies diagnostic using flow cytometry
- Rare events analysis by flow cytometry
- Reducing Human Errors in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Quality Control
- Testing Vaccines Final Dose Form to USP787
- The Complexities of SV Analytical Ultracentrifugation: AAVs are not Simple, Binary Systems
- qPCR Webinar: Scalable Workflows for Viral RNA Extraction and Reaction Setup
- Seminar: Advanced Sensitivity and Resolution in Flow Cytometry through Innovation
- Advances in Sedimentation Analysis by Dr. Borries Demeler
- Agencourt AMPure XP
- Automated Alternative to the Hanging Drop Method of Stem Cell Differentiation
- Analysis of Cell Biochemical Processes from First Principles to Cytometry
- Analysis of Particle Size Distributions by Analytical Ultracentrifugation
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation For Structural Analysis - Proteins and Macromolecular Complexes
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation in the Biopharmaceutical Industry
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation in Nanoparticle Analysis
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation of Carbon Nanotubes
- Automated 3D Cell Culture and Screening by Imaging and Flow Cytometry
- Automated Assays For Protein Engineering, In Vitro And In Vivo, By Dr. Daniela Quaglia
- Automated High-Throughput and High-Content Analysis by Flow Cytometry
- Using Data to Drive Automated Screening and Effective Reporting
- Automating Continuous Cell Culture by Dr. Oliver Gassmann
- Avoid Pitfalls When Automating Cell Viability Counting for Biopharmaceutical Quality Control
- Taking the Tricky Out of Automating NGS Sample Prep
- Automation-Enabled LC-MS Analysis of Biologics
- Automation of PCR Setup and AMPure XP Purification using the Biomek 4000 Workstation
- Avoiding the Perils of Hidden Requirements
- Basic Research Signaling Applications
- The Use of the Analytical Ultracentrifuge to Characterize Very Large Complex Biopharmaceuticals
- Cell Cycle Analysis by Quantitative Imaging Cytometry
- Cellular Analysis Using the Coulter Principle
- Centrifugal Elutriation - Utility in the Flow Cytometry Laboratory
- Centrifugation Safety (Japanese)
- Centrifugation Safety 1 (Japanese)
- Centrifugation Safety 2
- Contamination Control in the Hydraulic Industry
- Data Insights for Automated Liquid Handling
- Dendritic Cells Sorting
- Detection of microparticles with flow cytometry
- Particle size analysis by laser diffraction and results interpretation
- Plant Cells Cytometry Analysis
- Development and Production of Viral Vectors: Advances in Processes and Translation for Human Gene Therapy
- Diamond-Based Nanomedicine for Enhanced Cancer Treatment and Imaging
- Diversity of Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
- Diversity of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Cargo in Cell-To-Cell Communication
- Emitting Dye for Violet Laser Excitation with Krome Orange
- European Pharmacopoeia EP2.2.44 Total Organic Carbon
- Exosome Biogenesis and the Budding of Proteins and Viruses
- High-Performance Exosome Purification and Characterization via automated Density Gradient
- Exploring Exosomes and the Tumor Microenvironment
- Exploring the Stoichiometry of Macromolecular Complexes Using Multi-Signal Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation
- Extracellular Vesicle Isolation by Flow Cytometric Sorting and Characterization by Analytical Ultra-Centrifugation and Dynamic Light Scatter
- Extracellular Vesicles Delivery and RNA Translation
- Advanced Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human T-Cell Memory Subsets
- Flow Cytometry Data Analysis in a Flash
- Gallios Flow Cytometer Forward Angle Light Scatter Innovation
- Hematopoietic Bone Marrow Cell Sorting without Compromise
- How Stem Cells Speak with Immune Cells
- ICH Q2 Validation of On-line TOC Analyzers
- Identifying and Isolating Stem Cells Through High-Speed Cell Sorting
- New Strategies to Improve Your CE-SDS Results: A Data-driven Perspective
- New Automation Strategies For Improving Sample Prep - The Analytical Laboratory
- Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes and Ectosomes
- Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: Latest Advances and Challenges
- Large Scale Purification of RNA and RNA-based Nanoparticles by Preparative Ultracentrifugation
- Laser Cytometry in Biomedical Analysis
- Leveraging the Value of Automated High-Content Screening
- Microvesicle Detection and Cell Sorting
- Monitoring Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Disease
- Multi-Color Solution for Flow Cytometry
- Multi-Sizing your Multi-Color for Panel Design
- Combined Use of Multiple Particle Characterization Technologies to Evaluate Targeted Liposomal Formulations
- Optimizing Quality Control Electronic Records for 21 CFR Part 11 Compliance
- Advanced Process Quality Control and Outlier Detection with Discrete Particle Analysis
- Particle Counters Must Now be Calibrated With ISO 21501-4
- Particle Size and Associated Sedimentary Processes on Wetland Gain and Loss in the Mississippi River Delta
- Particle Size Characterization by Laser Diffraction Analysis in Geoscience and Soil Science
- Particle Size Distribution for Cement using Laser Diffraction
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Nanoparticle Constructs Using the Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- Proteome Profiling of the Tumor Microenvironment: Role of Human Primary Fibroblasts Derived Exosomes in Oral Cancer Progression
- Quantifying Protein Aggregates by Sedimentation Velocity
- Quantitative Determination of Reaction Stoichiometry, Interaction Energies, and Solute Masses Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation
- Rethinking Data Analysis for Flow Cytometry with Kaluza 1.1 Software
- The Revised ISO 14644-1 Changes Classification and Monitoring Methods
- Sample Prep for MS
- Contemporary Cell Staining and Imaging Tools for Screening Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
- Introduction to the New USP <787>: Subvisible Particulate Matter in Therapeutic Protein Injections
- The Art of Sorting for Advancing Cytometry
- The Future of Liquid Handling Automation has Arrived
- The Power of Automated Assay Optimization
- The Role of Exosomes in Inflammatory Disease - Pathogenesis and Treatment
- The Science of Flow Cytometry Part 1
- The Science of Flow Cytometry Part 2
- Environmental Cleanroom Monitoring & 21 CFR Part 11 Data Integrity
- Cross-talk and Developmental Programs - A Key to Translational Stem Cell Biology
- Technologies
-
Techniques and Methods
- Cell Maintenance
- Immune Monitoring
- Interaction Quantification and Characterization - Centrifugation
- Safe Sample Prep in Centrifugation
- High-Throughput Screening
- Viral Particle Purification - Centrifugation
- Mass Spectrometry
-
spINSIGHTS
- What’s the difference between sterile & Certified Free consumables, and what purity grade do I need?
- What advantages does the Optima AUC provide to improve my data quality and workflow efficiency?
- How can I transfer an existing centrifugation protocol to a new rotor, bottle, or tube?
- Why should I use analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) instead of other methods for AAV characterization?
- How can I prepare consistent density gradients for reproducibly purifying samples via ultracentrifugation?
- Can Sapphire windows be used for low-UV AUC experiments?
- An introduction to the Optima Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- How does data from AUC determine dose optimization in therapeutic liposomes?
- How can data from AUC help improve AAV Production Yield?
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation
-
Immunophenotyping
- About
- Seven Tips for Achieving the Perfect Panel for Multicolor Flow Cytometry
- Speed up your setup: The CytoFLEX Platform and how to fast-track 20-color panel design
- Free Fluorochrome chart for easy panel design
- Optimized Multicolor Immunophenotyping Panels (OMIPs) for Flow Cytometry
- About Immunophenotyping
- Seven Tips for Achieving the Perfect Panel for Multicolor Flow Cytometry
- Customer Testimonials
- Instruments and Products for Immunophenotyping Assays
- Methods
-
Research Areas
-
Immunotherapy
- About Immunotherapy
- CAR-T Cells: Immuno-oncology Therapeutics
- About Viral Vectors
- Pediatric Immunotherapy
- Manufacturing Processes for Engineered T-Cell Therapy – CAR-T
- Immunotherapy Research: Supporting Products
- Immunotherapy Shows Renewed Promise for Cancer Therapies
- CRISPR for Immunotherapy
- Characterizing Viral Vectors: Analyzing rAAV Vector Homogeneity
- Developing and Producing Viral Vectors: Powering Forward Momentum for the Future of Gene Therapy
- 3D Cell Culture
- High Complexity Flow
- Dendritic Cells
-
HIV Advanced Disease Management
- Twelve Steps to CD4 Testing
- HIV Advanced Disease Management Solutions
- CD4 Cell Counting Must Not be Sidelined if We are to Beat AIDS
- CD4 Testing in Remote Areas
- Innovation In CD4 Testing
- The Impact of Laboratory Proficiency Testing And External Quality Assurance Schemes In Resource Limited Settings - From The Perspective Of Hazel Aggett, An Expert On Managing Africa’s Quality Control Schemes
- What is CD4 & Why is it Important?
- An Overview of the Current Status for the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic
- UNAIDS 90-90-90
- Nanoparticle Research
-
Exosomes
- Interviews
- Simplifying Exosome Isolation
- Basic Exosome Research
- Cell-Based Assays
- Cell Signaling
- About Exosomes
- Applied Exosome Research
- Apoptosis Detection
- Exosomes Take Disease Modeling to the Next Level: From the Cage to the Plate
- Deciphering Disease using Exosome Biomarkers
- Targeting Efficient Drug Delivery With Exosome Nanoparticles
- Exosome Isolation
- Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes for Assays Approaches
- Exosomes: Moving Cancer Research Forward ~100 nm at a Time
- Instruments used in exosome research
-
Small Particle
- Verifying for Small Particle with Certified Beads
- Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles with Nanoscale Flow Cytometry
- Measuring Single EVs and their Cargo: Sensitive and Specific Vesicle Flow Cytometry (vFCTM)
- Things to Consider for Small Particle Research
- Western Blot and Other Methods vs. Nanoscale Flow Cytometry
- About Biological Nanoparticles and Microparticles
- Easy to Learn: A New User CytoFLEX Experience
- A Discovery in the Williams Lab
- Trends in Extracellular Vesicle Research
- Free Extracellular Vesicles Poster For Your Lab
- Nanoscale Frequently Asked Questions
- Small Talk
- Karan's Story
- Astrios and the Nanoscale
- Cell Sorting at the Nano Scale
- The Importance of Guidelines in Small Particle Research
- How the CytoFLEX Enabled The Williams' Lab Extracellular Vesicles Research
- Products
- Stem Cells
- Biologics
-
Immunotherapy
- Focus Area
- Explore Your Industry
-
Fundamentals
Related Video: Cellular Analysis Using the Coulter Principle